Table of Contents
- The Genesis of Sharding: Tackling Blockchain Bottlenecks
- Evolution of Sharding Techniques: Innovations and Adaptations
- Sharding in Action: Real-World Implementations and Impact
- Challenges and Considerations in Sharding Adoption
- The Future Landscape of Blockchain Scalability
- Expert Insights and Project Spotlights
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
The digital revolution has been defined by its relentless pursuit of speed and efficiency. In the realm of blockchain technology, this quest is epitomized by the ongoing challenge of scalability. As more users and applications flock to decentralized networks, the inherent limitations of traditional blockchain architectures become glaringly apparent, leading to slow transaction times and soaring fees. Enter blockchain sharding, a transformative database partitioning technique that promises to unlock unprecedented levels of performance, making complex decentralized systems viable for mass adoption.
Unlock Blockchain's Potential: Master Sharding Now!
Dive deep into the core of blockchain scalability. Discover how sharding is reshaping the future of decentralized networks and what it means for investors and developers alike.
The Genesis of Sharding: Tackling Blockchain Bottlenecks
Imagine a bustling highway with only one lane. Every car, from a slow-moving truck to a speedy sports car, has to navigate the same congested path. This is precisely the bottleneck that traditional blockchains face. In a non-sharded network, every node, or computer participating in the network, must process and validate every single transaction. As the number of transactions surges, this creates a monumental backlog, akin to rush hour traffic. This leads to significant delays, making applications feel sluggish and driving up transaction costs as users compete for limited processing power. The very decentralization that makes blockchains secure also creates this inherent scalability challenge.
Sharding, a concept borrowed from the world of traditional databases, offers an elegant solution. Instead of a single, overloaded highway, think of sharding as creating multiple parallel lanes, each handling a subset of traffic. In blockchain terms, this means dividing the entire network into smaller, more manageable segments called "shards." Each shard operates as its own mini-blockchain, capable of processing transactions and executing smart contracts independently. This parallel processing capability is the key to unlocking higher throughput. By distributing the workload across multiple shards, the network can handle a far greater volume of transactions simultaneously, effectively decongesting the system.
The core idea is to significantly increase the network's capacity without compromising its decentralized nature. Instead of requiring every node to do everything, nodes are assigned to specific shards, reducing their computational and storage burden. This efficiency boost is crucial for applications that require high transaction speeds, such as decentralized exchanges, gaming platforms, and real-time data processing. As the demand for blockchain services grows, sharding provides a scalable foundation to meet these increasing needs, paving the way for broader adoption and more sophisticated use cases.
The historical context of sharding in database management highlights its proven effectiveness in handling massive datasets and high traffic loads. When applied to blockchains, it addresses the fundamental trade-off between scalability, security, and decentralization, often referred to as the "blockchain trilemma." By intelligently partitioning the network, sharding aims to optimize for scalability while maintaining robust security and a decentralized architecture. This foundational shift is what makes sharding a cornerstone of next-generation blockchain development, moving beyond the limitations of earlier designs.
Key Sharding Concepts
| Concept | Description |
|---|---|
| Network Sharding | Divides network nodes and communication channels into distinct shards. |
| Transaction Sharding | Distributes the processing of transactions across different shards. |
| State Sharding | Partitions the blockchain's entire state (e.g., account balances, smart contract data) into smaller, manageable pieces. |
Evolution of Sharding Techniques: Innovations and Adaptations
The journey of blockchain sharding is one of continuous refinement and innovation. Early conceptualizations laid the groundwork, but recent years have seen a surge in advanced techniques aimed at making sharding more robust, secure, and adaptable. One of the most significant advancements is **adaptive sharding**. Unlike static sharding, where shard configurations are fixed, adaptive sharding allows the network to dynamically adjust the number and size of shards in real-time. This is a game-changer, as it enables the network to efficiently handle fluctuating transaction loads. During periods of high activity, more shards can be created or expanded, and during quieter times, they can be consolidated to save resources. This dynamic allocation ensures optimal performance and prevents bottlenecks from forming, no matter the network's demand.
Another critical area of development focuses on **cross-shard communication protocols**. For sharding to be truly effective, shards must be able to interact seamlessly and securely. Imagine a scenario where a user on shard A needs to interact with a smart contract on shard B. Robust protocols are needed to facilitate this data transfer, ensuring that transactions are atomic, consistent, and secure. Researchers are developing sophisticated mechanisms to manage these inter-shard communications, preventing double-spending and maintaining the integrity of the overall blockchain state. These protocols are the glue that holds the sharded network together.
The integration of sharding with **Layer 2 scaling solutions**, such as rollups, is also a major trend. While sharding provides a powerful base-layer scaling solution, Layer 2 technologies can further enhance transaction speed and reduce costs by processing transactions off the main chain. Combining these approaches creates a layered scaling strategy, where sharding handles the main network's load, and Layer 2 solutions optimize specific transaction types. This synergistic relationship is seen as a key pathway to achieving massive scalability for popular blockchains.
Looking ahead, the integration of **machine learning algorithms** and advanced cryptographic techniques is pushing the boundaries of what's possible. Machine learning can be used to predict transaction patterns, optimize shard allocation, and even detect potential security threats. Furthermore, advancements in **Verifiable Random Functions (VRFs)** and **stateless consensus** designs, particularly by 2025, are revolutionizing shard reconfiguration. VRFs ensure that node assignments to shards are random and verifiable, making it significantly harder for attackers to target specific shards. Stateless consensus, on the other hand, streamlines processes by requiring nodes to only store the essential data needed to validate transactions, dramatically speeding up shard reconfigurations and reducing downtime.
It's important to note the nuanced approach taken by major networks like Ethereum. While initial plans for Ethereum 2.0 envisioned full execution sharding, the focus has strategically shifted towards "proto-danksharding" and "danksharding" by late 2025. This evolution prioritizes enhancing data availability for Layer 2 rollups, a crucial step that indirectly boosts the scalability of the entire ecosystem without requiring all smart contract execution to occur on the main chain shards. This demonstrates an adaptive strategy, prioritizing the most impactful scaling solutions for their specific network architecture.
Sharding Technique Comparison
| Technique | Key Feature | Benefit |
|---|---|---|
| Adaptive Sharding | Dynamic adjustment of shard number and size. | Optimizes performance based on real-time transaction load. |
| Cross-Shard Communication | Efficient and secure inter-shard data transfer. | Ensures network consistency and enables complex transactions. |
| Integration with L2 | Synergy with rollup solutions. | Further boosts transaction speed and reduces costs. |
| Stateless Consensus | Nodes require minimal data for validation. | Speeds up processes and simplifies shard reconfiguration. |
Sharding in Action: Real-World Implementations and Impact
The theoretical benefits of sharding are impressive, but its true value is demonstrated through successful real-world implementations. Several prominent blockchain projects have adopted sharding, showcasing its ability to significantly enhance network performance. **Zilliqa** stands out as a pioneer, having successfully implemented sharding to achieve transaction throughputs vastly exceeding those of earlier blockchains. By processing thousands of transactions per second, Zilliqa demonstrates how sharding can enable practical, high-volume applications on a decentralized ledger. This achievement provides tangible proof of concept for the scalability potential of sharded architectures.
**NEAR Protocol** is another key player, utilizing a sophisticated approach to state sharding. Their method partitions the blockchain's entire state, meaning account balances, smart contract data, and other critical information are spread across different shards. This drastically reduces the amount of data each validator needs to process and store, leading to greater efficiency and lower operational costs for network participants. NEAR's dynamic sharding model, which can adjust the number of active shards based on network demand, further exemplifies the adaptive nature of modern sharding implementations. This ensures that performance remains high even as user activity fluctuates.
The **Polkadot network**, while employing a slightly different architecture with its parachain model, achieves similar scalability benefits to sharding. Each parachain acts as an independent blockchain that connects to a central Relay Chain. These parachains can process transactions in parallel, creating a highly scalable and interoperable ecosystem. The ability for these parachains to communicate with each other also mirrors the cross-shard communication challenges and solutions seen in traditional sharding models. This diverse approach highlights the common goal of achieving parallel processing and high throughput across interconnected blockchain networks.
Beyond these foundational layer implementations, sharding has profound implications for various applications within the blockchain space. In **Decentralized Finance (DeFi)**, sharding promises to make complex financial operations, such as trading, lending, and staking, faster and cheaper. This can significantly improve user experience, making DeFi more accessible to a broader audience. For **cryptocurrencies**, improved transaction throughput means faster settlements and lower fees, making them more viable for everyday payments. Furthermore, the ability to create **private shards** tailored for enterprise-level applications in sectors like finance, healthcare, and supply chain management addresses critical needs for data privacy and controlled access while leveraging blockchain's inherent transparency and immutability.
The impact of sharding is not just theoretical; it is actively contributing to the growth and maturation of the blockchain ecosystem. By overcoming the scalability limitations, sharding enables the development of more complex, feature-rich decentralized applications that can rival their centralized counterparts in performance and user experience. As more projects adopt and refine sharding technologies, we can expect to see a significant acceleration in blockchain adoption across various industries.
Notable Sharding Implementations & Statistics
| Project | Sharding Type | Reported TPS | Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zilliqa | Transaction Sharding | ~2,828 TPS | Pioneered sharding for higher throughput. |
| NEAR Protocol | State Sharding | Up to 100,000 TPS (projected) | Reduced storage needs by 40%, efficient resource management. |
| Ethereum 2.0 (Future) | Data Sharding (Proto-Danksharding/Danksharding) | Targeting massive TPS increase via L2s | Enhancing data availability for Layer 2 solutions. |
| Polkadot | Parachain Model (similar to sharding) | Up to 10,000 TPS | Enables parallel processing across interconnected chains. |
Challenges and Considerations in Sharding Adoption
While sharding offers a compelling solution to blockchain scalability, its implementation is not without significant challenges. One of the primary concerns revolves around **security**. When a blockchain is divided into multiple shards, each shard potentially becomes a smaller, more concentrated target for attackers. If a single shard's security is compromised, it could lead to the loss of data or manipulation within that specific shard. This necessitates the development of robust security protocols that not only protect individual shards but also ensure the overall integrity of the network. Mechanisms like random validator assignment and cross-shard validation are crucial for mitigating these risks. The goal is to make attacking any single shard prohibitively expensive and complex.
Another complex hurdle is **cross-shard communication**. As mentioned earlier, enabling seamless interaction between shards is technically challenging. Ensuring that transactions spanning multiple shards are atomic (either they all succeed or all fail) and that data is consistently updated across the network requires sophisticated protocols. A poorly designed cross-shard communication system could lead to race conditions, deadlocks, or inconsistencies, undermining the reliability of the blockchain. Developing efficient and secure protocols for inter-shard communication is an ongoing area of research and development, critical for the network's overall functionality.
The **coordination overhead** associated with managing a sharded network is also substantial. With multiple shards operating in parallel, there's an increased need for mechanisms that synchronize their activities, validate transactions across shards, and maintain a consistent global state. This requires advanced consensus mechanisms and careful orchestration to prevent fragmentation or divergence of the network. The complexity of managing these distributed components can be significant, demanding highly optimized software and robust network infrastructure.
From an **adoption perspective**, the shift towards sharded architectures can be challenging for developers and users. Existing applications may need to be re-architected to function effectively in a sharded environment, and new development paradigms may emerge. Furthermore, understanding the intricacies of how transactions are processed across different shards can add a layer of complexity for users. The industry is working on abstracting these complexities away, but it remains a consideration during the transition phase. The research into **stateless consensus** and VRFs is directly addressing some of these coordination and security complexities by simplifying node operations and randomizing assignments.
Despite these challenges, the progress made in addressing them indicates a strong commitment from the blockchain community to overcome these hurdles. The continuous evolution of sharding techniques reflects a proactive approach to ensuring that scalability solutions are not only effective but also secure and user-friendly. The ongoing research and development in these areas are vital for the widespread adoption and success of sharded blockchains.
Sharding Challenges vs. Solutions
| Challenge | Consideration/Solution |
|---|---|
| Security Vulnerabilities | Targeting individual shards; requires robust cross-shard security protocols and random validator assignment (e.g., via VRFs). |
| Cross-Shard Communication Complexity | Ensuring atomic and consistent transactions across shards; development of advanced communication protocols and atomic commit mechanisms. |
| Coordination Overhead | Managing distributed components and maintaining global state; use of efficient consensus mechanisms and synchronization protocols. |
| Development Complexity | Adapting existing applications and learning new paradigms; ongoing efforts to simplify development tools and documentation. |
The Future Landscape of Blockchain Scalability
The trajectory of blockchain technology is inextricably linked to its ability to scale. Sharding represents a significant leap forward, but it is part of a broader ecosystem of scaling solutions. The future will likely see a multi-pronged approach, combining advancements in base-layer sharding with increasingly sophisticated Layer 2 and potentially even Layer 3 solutions. The trend toward **modular blockchains**, where different functions like execution, settlement, and data availability are handled by specialized layers, is gaining momentum. Sharding can be seen as a key component in the "execution layer" of such modular architectures, handling the parallel processing of transactions efficiently.
The ongoing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) is also poised to play a significant role. As mentioned, ML algorithms can optimize shard allocation, predict network congestion, and enhance security through anomaly detection. This synergy between AI and blockchain is expected to unlock new levels of efficiency and intelligence in decentralized systems. For instance, AI could dynamically reconfigure shards based on predicted user activity or even manage cross-shard resource allocation more intelligently.
The development of new consensus mechanisms that are more conducive to sharded environments will also be crucial. Protocols that can achieve fast finality and high throughput while maintaining decentralization are essential for supporting massively sharded networks. The focus is shifting towards solutions that are not only performant but also energy-efficient and accessible to a wider range of participants, moving away from heavy computational requirements.
Furthermore, the concept of **interoperability** will become increasingly important. As different blockchains and their sharded networks evolve, the ability for them to communicate and exchange assets or data securely and efficiently will be paramount. Solutions that facilitate cross-chain communication, building upon the principles of cross-shard communication, will be vital for a truly interconnected decentralized web.
By 2025, it's projected that a significant majority of new blockchain projects will incorporate sharding or similar parallel processing techniques. This widespread adoption signals a paradigm shift in how blockchains are designed and scaled. The focus will continue to be on achieving a delicate balance: maximizing transaction throughput and efficiency while rigorously upholding the core principles of decentralization, security, and immutability that define blockchain technology. The future is not just about one scaling solution, but a layered, intelligent, and interconnected ecosystem.
Future Scaling Trends
| Trend | Description |
|---|---|
| Layered Scaling | Combination of base-layer sharding with Layer 2 and Layer 3 solutions. |
| AI Integration | Utilizing AI for shard optimization, security, and network management. |
| Modular Blockchains | Specialized layers for execution, settlement, and data availability. |
| Interoperability | Seamless communication and asset transfer between different blockchains. |
Expert Insights and Project Spotlights
The evolution of sharding is a testament to the collaborative efforts within the blockchain research community and the innovative drive of development teams. Projects are not just implementing sharding; they are actively refining it. For instance, research from 2020-2024 has introduced various "latest sharding techniques" focusing on making the process more secure and efficient. The focus on **stateless consensus** designs, a key development anticipated around 2025, aims to simplify the validation process by minimizing the data nodes need to store. This is crucial for enabling faster shard reconfiguration and reducing the overall computational load on network participants.
Consider the insight that by 2025, experts predict that over 70% of new blockchain projects will incorporate sharding. This statistic underscores the widespread recognition of sharding's importance for future blockchain applications. It's no longer a niche technology but a fundamental requirement for building scalable and competitive decentralized platforms. The industry's consensus is clear: to support mass adoption and complex use cases, blockchains must be able to handle significantly higher transaction volumes, and sharding is a leading solution.
Projects like NEAR Protocol's state sharding, which has demonstrated a reduction in storage needs by an impressive 40%, offer concrete examples of efficiency gains. This reduction in resource requirements makes it more feasible for individuals to run nodes, thereby enhancing decentralization. Similarly, Ethereum's strategic pivot to proto-danksharding and danksharding highlights a pragmatic approach. By prioritizing data availability for Layer 2 rollups, Ethereum aims to indirectly scale its ecosystem dramatically, acknowledging that the most effective scaling strategy might involve optimizing the interaction between different layers rather than solely relying on base-layer execution sharding.
The continuous innovation in cross-shard communication protocols and the exploration of machine learning for network optimization showcase a forward-thinking approach. These advancements are not just about increasing TPS but also about creating more resilient, secure, and intelligent blockchain networks. The ongoing research aims to create a sharding framework that is both highly performant and adaptable to the ever-evolving demands of the decentralized ecosystem.
My opinion: Sharding is rapidly moving from a theoretical concept to a practical necessity. The emphasis on adaptive mechanisms and the integration with Layer 2 solutions indicates a mature understanding of how to achieve sustainable scalability. Projects that successfully implement these advanced sharding techniques will likely lead the next wave of blockchain adoption.
Key Sharding Adoption Statistics
| Metric | Projection/Data |
|---|---|
| New Project Adoption | Over 70% of new projects by 2025 expected to incorporate sharding. |
| Storage Efficiency | NEAR Protocol: 40% reduction in storage needs. |
| Transaction Throughput | Ethereum 2.0 aim: up to 100,000 TPS. |
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1. What is blockchain sharding?
A1. Blockchain sharding is a technique that partitions a blockchain network into smaller, more manageable segments called shards. Each shard processes its own transactions, allowing for parallel processing and significantly increasing the network's overall transaction throughput.
Q2. Why is sharding necessary for blockchains?
A2. Sharding is necessary to overcome the scalability limitations of traditional blockchains, which struggle to handle a high volume of transactions. This limitation leads to network congestion, slow transaction speeds, and high fees, hindering mass adoption. Sharding addresses this by distributing the workload.
Q3. What are the main types of sharding?
A3. The main types are network sharding (dividing nodes and communication), transaction sharding (distributing transaction processing), and state sharding (partitioning the blockchain's data and smart contract status).
Q4. How does adaptive sharding work?
A4. Adaptive sharding allows the network to dynamically adjust the number and size of shards based on real-time transaction volume. This ensures optimal performance by scaling resources up or down as needed.
Q5. What is the role of Layer 2 solutions with sharding?
A5. Layer 2 solutions, like rollups, complement sharding by further enhancing transaction speeds and reducing costs. Sharding provides base-layer scalability, while Layer 2 handles specific transaction batches off-chain, creating a layered scaling approach.
Q6. What are the primary security concerns with sharding?
A6. Security concerns include the potential for individual shards to be targeted by attackers due to their smaller size. Robust security protocols, random validator assignment, and cross-shard validation mechanisms are used to mitigate these risks.
Q7. How is cross-shard communication handled?
A7. Advanced protocols are being developed to facilitate secure and efficient data transfer between shards. These protocols ensure transaction atomicity and network consistency across different segments.
Q8. Which blockchains are currently using or planning to use sharding?
A8. Prominent examples include Zilliqa (pioneered transaction sharding), NEAR Protocol (state sharding), and Ethereum (planning future sharding, with a current focus on data sharding for L2s). Polkadot's parachain model also offers similar benefits.
Q9. Can sharding improve transaction fees?
A9. Yes, by reducing network congestion and improving efficiency, sharding leads to lower transaction fees, making blockchain interactions more affordable.
Q10. What is stateless consensus in the context of sharding?
A10. Stateless consensus means nodes only need to store the minimal data required to validate transactions, rather than the entire blockchain state. This speeds up processes like shard reconfiguration and reduces the burden on nodes.
Q11. How does sharding impact decentralization?
A11. By reducing the computational and storage requirements for individual nodes, sharding can make it easier for more participants to run nodes, thus potentially enhancing decentralization.
Q12. What is Ethereum's current approach to sharding?
A12. Ethereum's focus has shifted towards "proto-danksharding" and "danksharding" (by late 2025), which primarily enhance data availability for Layer 2 rollups, rather than full on-chain execution sharding for all smart contracts.
Q13. What is the target transaction throughput for sharded blockchains like Ethereum 2.0?
A13. Ethereum 2.0 aims for up to 100,000 transactions per second (TPS) when fully operational with sharding integrated with Layer 2 solutions.
Q14. How do Verifiable Random Functions (VRFs) help in sharding?
A14. VRFs provide a way to randomly and verifiably assign nodes to shards, making it much harder for attackers to collude or predict which nodes will be in a specific shard, thus improving security.
Q15. Can sharding help with the "blockchain trilemma"?
A15. Yes, sharding is considered a key technology that helps address the blockchain trilemma (scalability, security, decentralization) by improving scalability without significantly compromising the other two aspects.
Q16. What are some practical applications benefiting from sharding?
A16. DeFi platforms, high-volume cryptocurrency transactions, decentralized gaming, real-time data processing, and enterprise solutions requiring private shards are all major beneficiaries.
Q17. What does it mean for a blockchain to be "state-sharded"?
A17. State-sharded blockchains partition the entire blockchain state (account balances, smart contract data, etc.) across different shards, reducing the data load on individual nodes.
Q18. Are there any downsides to sharding beyond security and complexity?
A18. The development and implementation of sharding can be very complex and time-consuming, requiring significant engineering effort. Also, ensuring effective cross-shard communication can be a major technical challenge.
Q19. How does Polkadot's parachain model relate to sharding?
A19. Polkadot's parachains function similarly to shards by allowing multiple independent blockchains to process transactions in parallel, connected to a central Relay Chain for security and interoperability.
Q20. What is the projected adoption rate of sharding in new blockchain projects?
A20. Experts predict that by 2025, over 70% of new blockchain projects will incorporate sharding as a core scaling solution.
Q21. How does sharding impact resource efficiency for nodes?
A21. Nodes in a sharded network only need to process and store data for their specific shard, significantly reducing computational power and storage requirements compared to non-sharded networks.
Q22. What is the potential for machine learning in sharding?
A22. Machine learning can be used for predictive analysis of transaction patterns, optimizing shard allocation, and enhancing network security by detecting anomalies.
Q23. What is the core idea behind "danksharding" for Ethereum?
A23. Danksharding focuses on dramatically increasing data availability on the main chain to support Layer 2 rollups, allowing them to post their transaction data more cheaply and efficiently.
Q24. Will sharding make blockchains faster than traditional payment systems like Visa?
A24. With sharding and Layer 2 solutions, many blockchains aim to achieve or surpass the transaction speeds of traditional systems like Visa, making them viable for mainstream use.
Q25. Is sharding the only solution for blockchain scalability?
A25. No, sharding is a major solution, but it's often part of a broader strategy that includes Layer 2 scaling, off-chain computation, and potentially other architectural innovations like modular blockchains.
Q26. How does sharding compare to other scaling solutions like sidechains?
A26. Sharding enhances the scalability of the main blockchain itself by partitioning its state and processing. Sidechains are separate blockchains connected to a main chain, offering different trade-offs in terms of security and decentralization.
Q27. What are the benefits of state sharding specifically?
A27. State sharding significantly reduces the storage and processing burden on individual nodes, as they only need to manage a portion of the total blockchain state, leading to greater efficiency and lower operational costs.
Q28. How does sharding contribute to lower transaction fees?
A28. By increasing the overall capacity of the network and reducing congestion, sharding lowers the competition for block space, which directly translates to lower transaction fees for users.
Q29. What is the role of "transaction sharding"?
A29. Transaction sharding focuses on distributing the task of validating and processing transactions across different shards, allowing multiple sets of transactions to be handled concurrently.
Q30. What are "private shards" used for?
A30. Private shards are often tailored for enterprise use cases where a specific group or organization needs a dedicated, secure, and potentially permissioned blockchain environment for sensitive data and operations.
Disclaimer
This article is written for general information purposes and cannot replace professional advice. Investment decisions should be made after consulting with a qualified financial advisor and conducting thorough personal research.
Summary
Blockchain sharding is a pivotal technology designed to dramatically enhance network scalability by partitioning a blockchain into smaller, independent shards. This allows for parallel transaction processing, significantly increasing throughput, reducing fees, and alleviating network congestion. Innovations like adaptive sharding, improved cross-shard communication, and integration with Layer 2 solutions are driving its adoption. While challenges related to security, complexity, and coordination exist, ongoing research and development, alongside real-world implementations by projects like Zilliqa and NEAR Protocol, are paving the way for a more scalable and efficient decentralized future. By enabling higher transaction volumes, sharding is crucial for the mass adoption of blockchain technology across various sectors.
Official Resources & Further Reading
For more in-depth information and official documentation regarding blockchain technology and scaling solutions, please refer to the following:
📌 Editorial & Verification Information
Author: Smart Insight Research Team
Reviewer: Davit Cho
Editorial Supervisor: SmartFinanceProHub Editorial Board
Verification: Official documents & verified public web sources
Publication Date: Nov 26, 2025 | Last Updated: Nov 26, 2025
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Contact: mr.clickholic@gmail.com
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